China said that it expected the U.S. government to "do whatever is necessary" to protect the investments.

TO BE FILED:

"Japan, China Locked In by Investments

By Blaine Harden and Ariana Eunjung Cha
Washington Post Foreign Service
Saturday, September 20, 2008; D01

TOKYO, Sept. 19 -- Japan is a captive of its investment in the United States economy and its central bank has no real alternative other than to hold on to the massive amounts of U.S. Treasury bonds it owns and work hard to help clean up the mess on Wall Street, Hidehiko Sogano, an associate finance director at the Bank of Japan, said Friday.

"The reason why we stress the importance of stability is that the amount which we have in U.S. assets is so enormous," said Sogano, referring to the roughly $860 billion of the bank's $1 trillion in reserves that are in U.S. investments, mostly Treasury bonds.

Sogano spoke on a day in which East Asian stock markets sharply rebounded after days of declines. Japan's Nikkei average was up 3.8 percent, cutting in half losses for the week. The Shanghai Composite Index surged 9.5 percent, while Hong Kong's Hang Seng index was up 9.6 percent. The rises followed market-calming moves by the U.S. government that helped drive the Dow Jones industrial average up 410 points Thursday and another 368 points Friday.

Japanese banks, finance companies, shipping firms and steelmakers recorded double-digit gains. The nation's biggest nonbank financial company, Orix, jumped 16 percent, its largest increase in 24 years. The fourth-largest bank in Japan, Resona, was up 18 percent.

Just how deeply Japan is enmeshed in troubled loans in the United States became significantly more clear Friday, when Finance Minister Bunmei Ibuki conceded at a parliamentary hearing that the government and central bank hold about $74.5 billion in debt issued by mortgage finance giants Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, recently bailed out by the U.S. government.

Sogano, who said he was speaking for the bank, is part of a team at the bank that has worked around the clock this week to calm global markets. "If we shift out of the dollar without deep consideration, then that would surely affect the market," he said. "So that is why we always have to be very careful. If that sounds conservative, it is conservative."

In a week of epochal market turmoil, for the Bank of Japan being very careful has meant being aggressively interventionist. Besides injecting the equivalent of about $96 billion in four days into money markets for overnight loans, the bank has gone into the business of making dollar loans.

It joined with four other central banks in a $180 billion currency swap with the Federal Reserve and will use its $60 billion share to supply dollars to local and foreign institutions.

Sogano said that the Bank of Japan feels that U.S. market turmoil, even if it continues for months or years, will not alter the central place the United States occupies in global finance and will not undermine the willingness of the Bank of Japan to invest in the United States. "There will be no change because we quite understand the importance of the U.S. market and the stability of the dollar," he said.

Sogano said that the bank does not support a reduction of interest rates, which are already at 0.5 percent in Japan.

The Bank of Japan will focus primarily on increasing liquidity in money markets, so that short-term rates will fall back to levels of before the turmoil of the past week and banks will again be willing to lend money to each other at the lower rates.

Ibuki, the Finance Minister, said Friday that Japan would consider funding the International Monetary Fund or other international lending agencies to help with bad debt.

Sogano said there is no political support in Japan for mobilizing the several trillion dollars in Japanese pension funds and other savings funds to recapitalize troubled U.S. financial institutions. He agreed that such investments, if properly managed, could increase returns for savers in Japan.

China, however, has signaled some willingness. As U.S. financiers scrambled this week over how to deal with possible collapse of major financial institutions, Chinese Vice Premier Wang Qishan arrived in Washington with a message: To survive the crisis, U.S. equity markets need countries such as China that have massive foreign exchange reserves to jump in a big way.

In recent weeks, finance chiefs from around the world have come to consult with their counterparts at the Federal Reserve and U.S. Treasury about possible interventions.

China's delegation, headed by a 60-year-old ex-banker who comes from the country's depressed coal-mining region, has been among the most vocal, according to sources briefed on the discussions.

China has a direct interest in the U.S. crisis. It is estimated to hold a fifth of its currency reserves -- as much as $400 billion -- in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac debt. In addition, its banks have billions of dollars worth of exposure to the American International Group, Merrill Lynch, Lehman Brothers and other companies in crisis. The Industrial and Commercial Bank of China, for example, has $151 million in bonds issued or linked to Lehman; China Merchants Bank has $70 million of Lehman bonds; and the Bank of China has $75.62 million of Lehman bonds.

As U.S. officials were deciding in August whether to take over Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac, the Treasury Department held informal talks with officials from the People's Bank of China, the country's central bank. At that time, investors in Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in China were dramatically reducing their holdings. The U.S. side told China that a cash infusion was in the works; China said that it expected the U.S. government to "do whatever is necessary" to protect the investments.

Accompanied by a delegation that includes senior officials from China's central bank and Ministry of Finance, as well as banking, insurance and securities regulators, Wang had originally traveled to the United States on Sept. 14 for trade talks in Los Angeles. But as new shocks hit earlier this week, Wang flew to Washington to meet with Treasury Secretary Henry M. Paulson Jr.

Wang sought assurances that if the Chinese government were to encourage its companies to seek investments in the United States, the deals would not face the same political opposition that has undone past Chinese investment proposals.

Andy Xie, an independent economist who was formerly Morgan Stanley's chief Asia economist, said the United States needs to accept that a large amount of U.S. assets must be transferred to other countries' ownership. "If the U.S. is not willing to accept that," Xie said, "they will have to print money and the dollar will fall. And we will be headed toward a global financial meltdown."

Companies in the United States and in Europe are already reaching out to Chinese investors.

Morgan Stanley chief executive John Mack has been in contact with the China Investment Corp., the sovereign wealth fund that manages $200 billion, and with China's Citic Group. La Compagnie Financière Edmond de Rothschild on Thursday announced that it had sold a 20 percent, $340 million stake to Bank of China.

It's unclear how Chinese investors will respond to the overtures, especially given that their biggest investment in Wall Street to date, CIC's investment in asset manager Blackstone Group, has turned out to be a disaster -- its investment has lost half its value.

Cha reported from Shanghai."

The overall return on lobbying investment for business interests is probably no more than, oh, three or four thousand percent.

TO BE NOTED: From Mother Jones:

"The Power of Lobbying

— By Kevin Drum | Mon April 13, 2009 10:19 AM PST

The Washington Post reports on a new study about the fantastic efficiency of K Street lobbying:

In a remarkable illustration of the power of lobbying in Washington, a study released last week found that a single tax break in 2004 earned companies $220 for every dollar they spent on the issue — a 22,000 percent rate of return on their investment.

The study by researchers at the University of Kansas underscores the central reason that lobbying has become a $3 billion-a-year industry in Washington: It pays. The $787 billion stimulus act and major spending proposals have ratcheted up the lobbying frenzy further this year, even as President Obama and public-interest groups press for sharper restrictions on the practice.

The paper by three Kansas professors examined the impact of a one-time tax break approved by Congress in 2004 that allowed multinational corporations to "repatriate" profits earned overseas....The researchers calculated an average rate of return of 22,000 percent for those companies that helped lobby for the tax break. Eli Lilly, for example, reported in disclosure documents that it spent $8.5 million in 2003 and 2004 to lobby for the provision — and eventually gained tax savings of more than $2 billion.

Not bad! But Eli Lilly is a piker. Pfizer saved a cool $11 billion. Here's the Top Ten:

Honesty compels me to to point out that this research overstates the value of lobbying by choosing only a single, particularly lucrative tax break to examine. The overall return on lobbying investment for business interests is probably no more than, oh, three or four thousand percent. Hardly worth getting in a lather about, really. Please go about your business, citizens."

Bay Area CBS News 5 reports "there are now signs of a serious real estate rebound in San Francisco

TO BE NOTED: From Free Exchange:

"The brutality of clearing markets

Posted by:

Economist.com | WASHINGTON

Categories:

Housing markets

BETWEEN 2000 and 2007, the state of California added just north of 900,000 households. During that time, municipalities within the state also approved about 1.3 million new housing units. There was, in other words, a slight overhang. Now it also happened that in 2006 home prices began falling. As they began falling, households which had stretched themselves to the limit to purchase a home, on the assumption that rising prices would bail them out if they had to sell, began defaulting. These defaults turned into foreclosures, which added to the supply overhang.

Those defaults also contributed to a massive financial crisis and subsequent deep recession, which pushed the state's unemployment rate above 10%. Those lost jobs meant that ever more Californians couldn't pay their mortgages, leading to more defaults and foreclosures, leading to a larger supply overhang.

But the market is trying desperately to clear:

California home prices dropped 41 percent last month from a year earlier, more than double the U.S. decline, as surging foreclosures drove down values, the state Association of Realtors said today.

The median price for an existing, single-family detached home in California sank to $247,590 in February from $418,260 a year earlier, the Los Angeles-based group said in a statement. The U.S. median price fell 16 percent during the same period, the second-biggest drop on record, according to the National Association of Realtors.

It's difficult to grasp the probable impact on local economies, local budgets, and local communities of such a substantial fall in just one year. It has to be wrenching. But there is a ray of hope—sales in February were 83% above their level one year previously. The price declines are having their intended effect, which is more than can be said for places like Detroit, Michigan. As painful as this must be for the state, it can still be said that there are people—a growing number of them—willing to purchase a home in California."

From the Washington Post:

"California's Wipeout Economy

By Steven Pearlstein
Wednesday, March 25, 2009; D01

LOS ANGELES The sun is shining less brightly these days in sunny Southern California.

The recession hit here earlier and harder than the rest of the country -- the statewide unemployment rate topped 10 percent last month -- and chances are it will linger here longer.

The severe downturn reflects the region's central role in the Bubble Economy.

As the headquarters for Countrywide Financial, Washington Mutual, New Century Financial and IndyMac, along with several of the nation's largest home builders, Southern California is ground zero for the mortgage crisis and the residential real estate bust.

As the capital of conspicuous consumption, its heavy reliance on auto sales, fashion, electronics and entertainment is now out of sync with the country's new frugality.

And as the gateway through which a majority of the country's imports flowed from Asia to American homes and businesses, its ports, warehouses and distribution channels, which once strained to keep up with the volume, now find themselves with large amounts of unused capacity.

More significantly, the receding economic tide has revealed serious structural problems and challenges in key sectors. The music, entertainment and electronic gaming industries are being turned upside down by the Internet. The real estate industry is bumping up against the limits of population growth and exurban sprawl. And state and local governments that have long financed themselves by pushing costs off into the future have finally met their day of reckoning.

"People here used to feel that because of the weather and the lifestyle, we were immune," said Robbin Itkin, a lawyer with a suddenly booming corporate workout and bankruptcy practice at the Los Angeles office of Steptoe & Johnson. "They don't think that now. There is a somberness I've not seen before."

Indeed, the most recent poll by the Field Research found that only about 40 percent of Southern California residents view the state as one of the best places to live. Back in the Beach Boy days, it was more than 70 percent.

I got the most vivid picture of how dramatically things have slowed at the Port of Los Angeles. Two years ago, ships lined up out to the horizon waiting to unload containers; unionized longshoreman routinely worked double shifts; and on any day there was usually work for a thousand or more nonunionized "casual" workers. But on a recent morning, the cranes on many terminals were idle, few if any casual workers were needed, and the few ships moving through the port's channel looked to be only partially loaded.

The ports of Los Angeles and Long Beach are, far and away, the biggest economic drivers in Southern California, directly employing 280,000 workers, indirectly supporting nearly 900,000 jobs in the region and handling $350 billion in goods. But last month volume at the bigger Los Angeles port was off by nearly a third, and executive director Geraldine Knatz said she and her crew were scrambling to preserve their market share. Already the port has cut fees by 10 percent on "intermodal" cargo bound for points north and east and is considering a reduction of 50 percent on new business.

It's not just the economic slowdown Knatz worries about, but also the longer-term prospect of losing business to other western ports with lower labor and environmental costs, or East Coast ports that will become her competition once the Panama Canal is widened to accommodate the biggest cargo ships.

"We're going to come back to a new normal," she predicts, with annual growth rates of less than half the average 7 percent rate of the previous decade, and a fraction of the torrid 14 percent rate in 2006.

The port's fortunes are reflected elsewhere in the region's sizable manufacturing sector -- in particular the toy, electronics and clothing companies that have long since moved the bulk of their production to Asia but retain much of their design, marketing and distribution functions in Southern California.

Last fall, Lonnie Kane had to lay off several hundred workers at the women's clothing company he and his wife have operated for decades. They import fabric from Europe and Asia, use high-tech equipment to cut the patterns and then ship the pieces out to local shops staffed by low-wage immigrant workers for the final sewing.

The small department stores that once formed the base of Kane's business are now gone, his small-store customers cannot get credit and the big department stores that buy his blouses and sweaters are constantly on the phone delaying or canceling their orders. His sales are off by more than 25 percent.

As Kane sees it, Southern California is no longer the "middle-class paradise" it fancies itself, with steady growth of good-paying manufacturing jobs. Like the rest of the country, the region is now uncomfortably divided between the haves and have-nots. Although some of that was inevitable, he also blames state and local governments whose attitude toward business has always been that if firms failed or left the area, there would always be plenty of others to take their place.

"People think that when this is all over, it will go back to the way it always was, " Kane says. "That's a fantasy."

It is hard to overstate how reliant the Southern California economy has always been on population growth to drive its economic growth -- in oversimplified terms, building houses for the next wave of home builders. In the beginning, the early developers could be pretty confident that if they built it, they would come -- from the Northeast and Midwest, and then from all corners of the globe. But in recent years, this perpetual growth machine has pretty much run out of steam as residents old and new confronted the realities of two-hour commutes, bad air, a shortage of water and a backlash against illegal immigration.

Moreover, without the steady growth in tax revenue that came with population growth, the Ponzi scheme that passes for public finance in California was suddenly and painfully revealed. Much of the blame lies with public employee unions and a handful of other special-interest groups that have essentially hijacked political control of state and local governments. Now, despite decades of high taxes and rapid growth, state and local governments find that they not only don't have the revenue to provide even basic services, but are saddled with hundreds of billions of dollars in unfunded pension liabilities and infrastructure needs.

"L.A. is becoming a Third World city," says Rick Caruso, a successful developer who has considered running for mayor.

Although Caruso's upscale new development, the Grove, has been a smashing success, he's putting most of his new projects on hold, figuring that for the moment, there's more money to be made with lower risk by buying up financially distressed properties at deeply discounted prices. There should soon be plenty for him to choose from. The shakeout in commercial real estate, which is now in full swing in suburban Orange and Riverside counties, has made its way to the tonier areas of the city. There are numerous "For Rent" signs on Melrose Avenue in West Hollywood and along Montana Avenue in Santa Monica. Lack of financing has stalled the $3 billion, Frank Gehry-designed hotel and residential project on Grand Avenue downtown and a $400 million luxury condo tower in Century City.

"It's clear to me that we will have a lot of reinventing to do here over the next few years," Jim Thomas, a prominent local developer, told me.

What's less clear is whether Southern California is ready to embrace that challenge.

Next time: Hollywood and the entertainment industry.

Steven Pearlstein will host a Web chat at 11 a.m. today at http://www.washingtonpost.com, where he is also the moderator of a new Web site, On Leadership. He can be reached at pearlsteins@washpost.com"

From The Good News Economist:

"San Francisco Housing Market Instantly Hot

In another sign that the US economy is turning the corner, the San Francisco housing market has almost instantly become hot.

Bay Area CBS News 5 reports "there are now signs of a serious real estate rebound in San Francisco." Their news story headline? "Mini-Boom."

"This is not some kind of spin from the real estate brokers. We absolutely have hard numbers to back this up," claims reporter Hank Plante of News 5. "In the last 2 weeks in San Francisco there have been more homes sold than in the previous 6 months."

One 40-year veteran agent claims he has never seen activity like he saw last week. On one home alone he received 42 offers. That house sold for $100,000 over the listing price.

Another house in the same neighborhood had 10 offers on it. It was listed for $525,000 and just sold for $608,000. And Plante reports several more examples of almost instant sales in this resurgent market with none of the examples being foreclosures.

Real estate expert Brendon DeSimone claims that evidently, "buyers have been waiting, they've been saving their money and waiting. The foreclosures have come and driven the prices down. With affordable monthly payments now, buyers are coming back in."

With those low prices, "pent up demand has now been unleashed, even at the high-end," continued Plante. For instance, waterfront real estate developer Alan Mark describes their "amazing run since the beginning of the year. We've had 50 [high-end waterfront condo] sales in 2009 and 30 in the last 30 days."

We'll add this incredible observation to our growing list of strong recovery signs."