Thursday, November 27, 2008

Thanksgiving Words

Some Thanksgiving Words:

Thanksgiving

1533, "the giving of thanks," from thanks (n.) + giving. The noun thanks is attested from 1340, from the verb thank. In the specific sense of "public celebration acknowledging divine favors" thanksgiving dates from 1632 (the first one in America was held October 1621 by Plymouth Colony Pilgrims in appreciation of assistance from members of the Massasoit tribe and celebration of the first harvest); though Thanksgiving Day itself is not attested until 1674.

Thank

O.E. þancian "to give thanks," from P.Gmc. *thankojan (cf. O.S. thancon, O.N. þakka, Dan. takke, O.Fris. thankia, M.Du., Ger. danken "to thank"), from *thankoz "thought, gratitude," from PIE base *tong- "to think, feel." For sense evolution, cf. related O.E. noun þanc, þonc, originally "thought," but by c.1000 "good thoughts, gratitude." The whole group is from the same root as think (q.v.). In ironical use, "to blame," from 1560. Thankful is from O.E. þancfulle; thankless "likely to not be rewarded with thanks" is from c.1547. Thank you is attested from c.1400, short for I thank you. To thank (someone) for nothing is recorded from 1703.

Giving

[Middle English given, from Old English giefan and Old Norse gefa; see ghabh- in Indo-European roots.]

Pilgrim

c.1200, pilegrim, from O.Fr. pelegrin (11c.), from L. peregrinus "foreigner," from peregre (adv.) "from abroad," from per- "beyond" + agri, locative case of ager "country" (see acre). Change of first -r- to -l- in Romance languages by dissimilation. Pilgrimage is c.1250. Pilgrim Fathers "English Puritans who founded Plymouth colony" is first found 1799 (they called themselves Pilgrims from c.1630, in allusion to Heb. xi.13).

Hebrews 11:13 (King James Version)

13These all died in faith, not having received the promises, but having seen them afar off, and were persuaded of them, and embraced them, and confessed that they were strangers and pilgrims on the earth.

Wampanoag

1670–80, Americanism; < class="ital-inline">*wa⋅pan(w)- dawn + -o⋅w- person of + *-aki pl. suffix, i.e., easterners

Indian

applied to the native inhabitants of the Americas from at least 1553, on the mistaken notion that America was the eastern end of Asia.

Turkey

1541, "guinea fowl" (Numida meleagris), imported from Madagascar via Turkey, by Near East traders known as turkey merchants. The larger North American bird (Meleagris gallopavo) was domesticated by the Aztecs, introduced to Spain by conquistadors (1523) and thence to wider Europe, by way of North Africa (then under Ottoman rule) and Turkey (Indian corn was originally turkey corn or turkey wheat in Eng. for the same reason). The word turkey was first applied to it in Eng. 1555 because it was identified with or treated as a species of the guinea fowl. The Turkish name for it is hindi, lit. "Indian," probably via Fr. dinde (contracted from poulet d'inde, lit. "chicken from India"), based on the common misconception that the New World was eastern Asia. The New World bird itself reputedly reached England by 1524 at the earliest estimate, though a date in the 1530s seems more likely. By 1575, turkey was becoming the usual main course at an English Christmas.

Pumpkim

1647, alteration of pumpion "melon, pumpkin" (1545), from M.Fr. pompon, from L. peponem (nom. pepo) "melon," from Gk. pepon "melon," probably originally "cooked by the sun, ripe," from peptein "to cook." Pumpkin-pie is recorded from 1654.

Yam

1588, from Port. inhame or Sp. igname, from a W.African language (cf. Fulani nyami "to eat;" Twi anyinam "species of yam"); the word in Amer.Eng. and in Jamaican Eng. is probably directly borrowed from W.African sources.

Cranberry

1647, Amer.Eng. adaptation of Low Ger. kraanbere, from kraan "crane" + M.L.G. bere "berry," perhaps from a resemblance between the plants' stamens and the beaks of cranes. Ger. and Du. settlers in the New World apparently recognized the similarity between the European berries (Vaccinium oxycoccos) and the larger N.Amer. variety (V. macrocarpum) and transferred the name. In England, they were marshwhort or fenberries, but the N.Amer. berries, and the name, were brought over late 17c.

Gravy

1381, from O.Fr. grané (with -n- misread for -u- -- the character used for -v- in medial positions in words in medieval manuscripts) "sauce, stew," probably originally "properly grained, seasoned," from L. granum "grain, seed."

Pie

"pastry," 1303, from M.L. pie "meat or fish enclosed in pastry," perhaps related to M.L. pia "pie, pastry," also possibly connected with pica "magpie" (see pie (2)) on notion of the bird's habit of collecting miscellaneous objects. Not known outside Eng., except Gaelic pighe, which is from Eng. In the Middle Ages, a pie had many ingredients, a pastry but one. Fruit pies began to appear c.1600.

Plymouth

Plymouth, first recorded as Plummuth in 1235, means "mouth of the Plym River." Plym, the river, is first recorded in 1238 as Plyme and is a back-formation of Plympton, in turn first recorded in 904 as Plymentun, from Old English Plȳmtūn or Plȳmantūn, "plum-tree-town."

Colony

c.1384, "ancient Roman settlement outside Italy," from L. colonia "settled land, farm, landed estate," from colonus "husbandman, tenant farmer, settler in new land," from colere "to inhabit, cultivate, frequent, practice, tend, guard, respect," from PIE base *kwel- "move around" (source of L. -cola "inhabitant;" see cycle). Also used by the Romans to translate Gk. apoikia "people from home." Modern application dates from 1548. Colonize is from 1622; colonial first recorded 1776, coined by British statesman Edmund Burke (1729-97). Colonialism first attested 1886.

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